The Outlook for the US Printing Businesses in 2007 Essay Example for Free

The Outlook for the US Printing Businesses in 2007 EssayThe mental picture perseverance encompasses a wide kitchen stove of products for commercial and retail habit. Printing is involved in the production of magazines, newspapers and books, as sanitary as brochures, maps, postcards, channel forms, stamps, manual of armss, packaging and so on and so forth. It withal includes various related pre- as well as post-press occupations such as lay-outing, written designing, binding and finishing.There be different methods of fall guying development plates or an image carrier. Among the near common of these arelithography invented in 1798, the modern process progresss use of a photosensitive emulsion placed onto smooth surfaces, either using a platesetter for computer-to-plate (CTP) technology or on flexible aluminum or plastic crisscrossing plates its near commonly used for credit cards, packaging, CDs, books and newspapers. flexography most commonly used for packagi ng, it makes use of a 3-dimensional negative impression of the image to be yarn-dyeed produced on polymer or rubber and rotated on the surface to be printed. It was originally used for printing on corrugated boards. The flexibility of the material enables the print to be impressed on uneven surfaces.gravure used principally for food packaging, wallpaper, furniture laminates, paneling and magazines, gravure printing uses depressed, as opposed to raised, surfaces, where the image areas are etched into copper cylinders. It produces high quality print exclusively the costs involved in the necessary equipment are prohibitive compared to other methods used in high volume runs.screen printing can be used to print on almost any material, using a screen prepared with a stencil, a squeegee and ink. It is highly versatile and elemental to use. The best known application for this method of printing is for T-shirt printing,letterpress printing the method involves the use of movable type w here the ink is smeared on raised surfaces and whence placed on a suitable material such as paper or cloth for transferring impressions. The invention of reusable, individual letters for use in this type of printing in the 1400s is credited to Johann Gutenbergoffset printing modern techniques make use of film negatives where the image is transferred onto photoelectric plates, similar to the printing of photographs. It is the most commonly used method for high-volume printing.Non-impact or plateless printing includes electrostatic, electronic, t whizr-based and inkjet printing. With the advent of computers, there has been a further diversification of the industry namely, traditional or manual printing and quick or digital printing. ( self-assurance of Labor Statistics, 2005)Together with the computer, the ready availability of the Internet has inspired fears that the printed word was in danger of being phased out as the most widely spread form of communication and entropy. The imp act on the growth and profitability of the printing industry was of significant concern, as the rising fiscal and environmental costs of paper printing made the move into a paperless society seem inevitable.In the US, especially after the recession of 1990-91, the most demoralized forecasts had been made regarding the future of the printing industry in an increasingly digital world.A 2004 study of the findings and forecast of the US Department of Labor on the countering and compensation of workers leads to the conclusion that few workers working fewer hours will be required overall in the printing industry against a projected subjoin in all other industries, due mainly to the incr console use of automation and digital prepress technology. However, there is a concurrent requirement for workers with knowledge in digital prepress and post-printing technologies. There also seems to be a perceived add in companies specializing in commercial flexographic and digital printing.More c ompanies will be employing fewer than 10 non-supervisory workers at higher or equal hourly compensation as compared to other industries. There also seems to be a trend towards increased employment of workers with knowledge or education in operation of computer-related equipment. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005)There are varied opinions among businesspeople in the industry. or so maintain that the direct of capital dressment needed for quality, high-volume printing precludes all but a few to make a reasonable profit. (Paul, 1998)Others maintain that while a bitty profit margin may be discouraging, the printing industry is alive and booming, in part because of growing outgo in advertising and promotions, as well as the proliferation of direct selling companies. (Dolbeck, 2005) Most agree that the advent of digital technology has helped lower costs and increase efficiency, thus improving profit margin.Some studies have shown that an increasing number of people are tuning into th e Internet rather than newspapers or magazines. However, it is projected that it will be at least 10 years before those who get their news from the internet will outnumber those who read the newspaper.That is, if those who had earlier converted revert back to printed media. It is maintained that despite the many innovations in digital technology, it is non as portable as printed material, and the cost of attaining whatever portability is still beyond many consumers.Moreover, many companies maintain that the retention and pass-on possible of the printed brochure or pamphlet has a greater merchandise impact than a website.For educational and scholarly products, the process of transferring the information from print to screen is a long and laborious process, and while audio books and CD-ROMs are enjoying growing popularity in many libraries, it is still a long way from replacing the books as a means of providing in-depth information and education. (Heger, 1994)According to C. Barne s and Co.s report 2005 Market in Print, a survey of printing companies revealed that the majority of companies surveyed with non-printing operations (NPO) were small companies. These NPOs included graphic design, fulfillment and mailing.The chief complaints from printing business owners include stiff rival, the cost of technology that have shorter depreciation, shortage of skilled workers and price increase of consumables. The transition from manual to partly digital technology has caught some companies flat-footed, jumping on the bandwagon too late or without enough knowledge and research to buy the right equipment at the right time.The segment of the industry that is particularly enjoying popularity is digital or quick printing. Small print shops that specialize in desktop value-added operate abound because of the ease of acquiring the necessary equipment and consumables and the relatively low capital requirements. These services include calling cards, invitations, letterheads f or small businesses, leaflets, flyers and grocerying materials such as promotional mugs and magnets.Digital cameras and wandering(a) phones with high resolution cameras have also resulted in a rising demand for digital photo printing. Also an interesting development in the industry is queen-sized format printing, in which digital images are transferred directly from a digital image to tarpaulin or paper, much manage a large inkjet printer. This is especially handy for low-volume printing requirements such as a banner a garage sale or posters for a school recital.Digital print shops have a unique relationship with its customers. All preprinting requirements may be provided by the client directly, usually already in a digital file. The print shop ascertains that form and layout of the file is up to standards for proper printing and provides the medium for the actual process. Or the client may come in bare-handed and state the requirements. The print shop then provides the services required scan, lay-out, proof, color correct, edit then print.Many a party or small social event, small business and school have taken advantage of this while-you-wait service in fulfilling their collateral needs at comparatively low cost considering the volume involved. Paper companies make the process even easier by producing products especially designed for toner-based or inkjet printers ranging from pre-formatted labels in different configurations to scented board paper for calling cards, all available in retail at neighborhood bookstores at reasonable prices.The trend for digital printing is towards faster, cheaper and higher quality of printed product. However, high volume requirements cannot be fulfilled by even the best equipped digital print shop simply because the cost escalates per piece produced, unlike traditional printing methods, where fixed costs such as plates and film enable the producer to run prints at lower cost when volume goes up. These same fixed costs, howe ver, cannot provide the service at matched prices if the volume is low.The relationship of the plated and digital print businesses is largely symbiotic. Plated printers are the main source of income of paper companies that also produce the specialty paper needed by digital printers, but only as sub-business. These paper companies deal in volume as well, and will not survive on the sales from digital shops alone. Digital printers at the neighborhood level provides potential clients an accessible point in which they can bring their initial printing requirements to be then referred to a plated printer after graphic design, scanning and/or lay outing for volume printing. There is very little actual overlap for the two sub-industries, providing services for different needs of the same customer.A new player in the field that promotes the marriage of digital and traditional printing processes is print-on-demand (POD) publishers. More of a print rather than printing method, it nonetheless uses digital imagery and letterpress printing to produce books and posters in small runs. (Wikipedia) Would-be authors are able to have their work published, albeit they digest for it themselves. The method is also often used for limited circulation publications, as a stopgap for materials with high demand that are in the process of being re-run and for books in print with only a trickle of demand which makes a full re-run impractical.What is the forecast for the printing industry in the US? Overall, the prospects of the printing industry for 2007 are good. Perhaps it is not as rosy as some projections from 1999, when printers enjoyed a boom, but neither is it as black as it is being painted by some trend watchers. The average projections for the industry overall is 5.The need of those in the printing industry to reinvent itself in order to overcome aggressive competition, small markets, and increasing cost of materials, especially paper. The changes in the market are considered by 20% of a representative slice of print and prepress firms as a call to arms in the war of doing business in a changing world. (Youngblood Communications, 2005) In the second quarter of 2006, Xerox Corporation spearheaded a free seminar serial publication entitled Innovate 06. It is a worldwide series with concurrent offerings within the United States that focused primarily on educating those in the printing business, or who are thinking of getting into it, on their options regarding industry trends, technological advances and how to boost profit and efficiency in the workflow of an increasingly digital industry. (Presswire, 2006) While there is some pessimism among some of those in the industry regarding the viability of the printing business of turning over a reasonable profit, the prognosis of manufacturers of the equipment and consumables is positive. In a survey of U.S. companies reports show and increase of expenditure from 2004 of 23% on new plants and equipment. The spendi ng spree is attributed to appreciable profit-earning in 2004, enabling companies to make improvements and begin projects that have been put off during the lanky years. (Min, etal, 2005) TrendWatch Graphic Arts, in its report entitled Printing Forecast 2005 The TrendWatch Graphic Arts Perspectives on the Challenges and Opportunities for Printing in the Next 12 Months and Beyond, also reported that a survey of American and some Canadian commercial printers are hopeful about their companies futures. There was an increased sale of printing presses in 2004 and a projected 6% increase of sales of 6-color sheetfed offset presses over the following months. (Youngblood Communications, 2005) Advertising expenditures has also increased, according to TNS Media Intelligence, a strategic advertising and marketing information provider. In the 1st Quarter of 2006, total advertising expenditure rose by 5.2 percent against the same period of the previous year. However, impact of this expenditure did not quite favor newspapers and business to business (B2B) magazines. Of those in the publishing industry, only consumer magazines posted an increase in income. (TNS Media Intelligence, 2006) Such reports tend to focus on the large companies spending the big bucks in advertising. return in the industry is not as high as projected, mostly because of a not in all unexpected shift to online media, with a worldwide growth of 40% expected, according to Carat. (Khan, 2006) But earnings from advertising and marketing expenditures by top companies are not the only opportunities for those in the printing industry today. There has been a healthy growth in the quick print industry that to print for the ordinary citizen with a family picture Christmas card to send to the folks back home. (Youngblood Communications, 2005) The grudging admission by most existing, large printing companies is that business is good, if not great. This could be because they are reluctant to encourage other players to get into the business and cut into an ever decreasing wedge of the market. Environmental issues are also a big good will in the woes of these big companies, requiring expenditures on cleaner, more efficient machines. For those about to plunge into the pool, start small seems to be the way to go. The neighborhood print shop, the POD publisher, the stolon value-added service provider does not require much capital expenditure. There is always someone wanting to print something, the important thing is to research the think site of enterprise and provide whatever is needed. The shift to digital has been widely accepted as a good thing, even by those who had watched its advent into the market askance. The growing dependence on the microchip driven hardware is felt across all industries, and most especially in the printing and publishing industry, spawning a greater demand for the technology.And software and hardware companies are quick to take full advantage of this trend. Almost ev ery six months, the newest, fastest, cheapest, most efficient, most environment friendly, most accurate, most user-friendly and other new, improved models and programs are being touted. For those wishing to get into the business in a big way, big tag items are the ones that need to be most researched.True, the Internet and online media are the new toys, and everybody wants to have a go at it. Gone are the days that for research, you go to the trusty 20-volume Merit Students Encyclopedia, and for the latest Hollywood gossip you go over to your neighbors house and borrow the supermarket tabloid. The Internet is easier to use when searching for a school project, music to download, movies to preview or things to buyHowever, very few people enjoy reading a suspense thriller or a romance novel from a glowing screen hunched over a computer, and it is highly unlikely that some type of digital media would move around affordable enough to be left in mailboxes in lieu of flyers, leaflets, pa mphlets and brochures. Sharing photos and sending virtual greeting cards are also a good thing, but there is no replacement for actual photographs you can frame or actual greeting cards you can frame.In essence, one media does not necessarily compete with the other. They each have their advantages and disadvantages, and given most circumstances, print and digital complement each other. Some publications have even imbed that a good Web-based counterpart was a good way to get circulation going as well as a source of income via advertisements. Furthermore, since Web satiate can be updated instantaneously, the publication can keep its readers up-to-date with the latest news and trends in between issues.For those in the printing industry, the computer has been much like the electric bulb. It is faster, easier to use and produce better results. The ones who could not keep up with the technology have turned in their shingles and closed up shop.The sharp ones got with the program and gre w even better. The well-researched, carefully-planned production structure with prerequisite training and upgrades in equipment and workflow has generated significant earnings for the enlightened business owner.Rather than ranting at the changes and trying to outlast the new technology, many companies began spending on upgrades or outright replacements of obsolete equipment that was keeping the productivity of the company at pre-digital levels. This willingness of printing companies to invest in new technologies sends a crystal clear signal that the industry is healthy and responsive to changes. The outlook for 2007 for US printing industry is looking well.ReferencesBureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2005 Printing Career Guide to Industries, 2006-07 Edition retrieved declination 15, 2006 from at http//www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs050.htmPaul, P. 1998 Everything thats fit to print printers struggle with changing technology and stiff competition New Mexicos printing indu stry Industry Overview New Mexico Business Journal retrieved Dec 15, 2006 from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5092/is_7_22/ai_54370066Heger, K. Oct, 1994,Print a road kill on the information superhighway? impact of information superhighway on printing industry Communication World, retrieved December 15, 2006 from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4422/is_n9_v11/ai_16358776Dolbeck, A. 2005, Valuation of the Paper and Publishing IndustryWeekly Corporate Growth Report NVST retrieved December 15, 2006 from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3755/is_200502/ai_n12412452Min, et al, June 2005, U.S. industry unlocks budget box Pulp Paper retrieved December 15, 2006 http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3636/is_200506/ai_n14687790Youngblood Communications Co., Ltd., Jan 2005 Printing Forecast 2005 Print put through retrieved December 15, 2006 from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4088/is_200501/ai_n9485742Patrick, M. Nov 2000, The Web Effect on magazine publishing industry Folio The Magazine for Magazine Management, retrieved December 15, 2006 from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3065/is_14_29/ai_67718962Wikipedia, Flexography retrieved December 15, 2006 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlexographyKhan, M. December 12, 2006 Online drives Carats revised ad spend forecast DM News retrieved December 15th, 2006 from http//www.dmnews.com/cms/dm-news/research-studies/39350.htmlTNS Media Intelligence 2006 TNS Media Intelligence Reports U.S. Advertising Expenditures Advanced 5.2 Percent in First Quarter 2006 retrieved December 15, 2006 from http//www.tns-mi.com/news/05312006.htmM2 PressWIRE, 2006 Print Industry Experts to Help Companies Worldwide Profit and Grow retrieved December 15, 2006 from http//www.imaginginfo.com/article/article.jsp?id=1575siteSection=33

P.E training program- fitness Essay Example for Free

P.E training program- fitness EssayGeneral fitness-Speed is the ability to achieve a movement or cover a distance in a pathetic period of eon. A mid fielder hires race to out run other players or to catch on to a loose ball.Muscular endurance- is the ability of the muscles to work for a long period of time without tiring. In football you invite it to be able to run around the football pitch for the whole 90 minutes.Flexibility- you lose flexibility as you find out older. It is main(prenominal) to warm up and cool down before and after a match. In football most players in the team strike to be flexible, for example to header the ball, but also the goalkeeper has to be very flexible to be able to make difficult saves.Cardiovascular endurance- requires the heart and tear vessels to supply the working muscles with oxygen for long periods of time without tiring too much. This is needed in football because you run around a lot and you need our heart and lungs to cope with t he activity for the whole 90 minutes.Strength- is normally measured by the amount of weight the muscles stern lift, or applying a force against a resistance. This is used in football when we tackle or argon being marked and your shoulder to shoulder you need strength to hold others off.Skill think fitness-Balance- is the ability to keep up right while you are standing still or moving, this is needed in football when drop by the waysideing the ball because you are balancing on one leg.Co-ordination- is the ablity to use different senses and physical structure parts together in football this is needed between eye and foot, so you kick the ball and not miss especially volleying.Speed of reaction- is needed on the pitch so when an over ball is played your on-side and make your run abruptly to lose the defender.Timing- is needed in football to kick the ball at the right time to get the perfect touch.Agility- is the ability to change direction of the body in football we use this to help loose a defender by turning at speed, it flock also help when your in the corner for the corner to lose a defender so you can get up for a header.Physical skills-Kicking- is very important because the game is using your feet and you need to kick the ball to get the ball round the pitch.Shooting- is necessary to be able to shoot as in order to win the game you need to score and in order to score you need to SHOOT to ball into the goal past the keeper.Tackling- is very important to stop obstructors from scoring but just about times players timings are not quiet right and cause a dangerous tackle resulting in another players injury.Marking- is necessary to hold off opponents attacks and not losing the person your defending.Heading- is important to either score from a high ball crossed in or clear the ball away from a opponent in the air.Dribbling- is very important to get the ball closer to your opponents goal. There is 2 types of dribbling*Firstly when your jogging and keepin g the ball closer to your feet.*second when you knock the ball ahead of you a couple of metres and sprint to catch up with it, this is used to knock the ball past the defender.Other attributes-Concentration- is extremely important because if youre a goalkeeper and you dont urinate anything to do for 30minutes you might switch off and let in a shot which if you were concentrating you would have saved.Motivation- is very important because if you want to win but go a goal down if you and your team are motivated enough you will be trying to score 2 goals and keep fighting.Confidence- is needed so you have the confidence in your self so you trust your ability and get stuck in. around important skills and techniques in football.Speed is essential in football it is used throughout the game whether you are an attacker or a defender. For example if you are an attacker and you need to out run a defender to get the ball, to get past a defender and have a attack on goal or if your defending an d there is a break you need to run as fast as possible with the ball (or in support) to the oppositions fractional to make an attack before their defenders catch up with you.Muscular endurance is needed 100% in football because if you are running around for 90 minutes your no use to your team if after 60 minutes you have a stitch and need to be substituted. Muscular endurance can be improved over time with a training program.Cardiovascular endurance is essential so that you can last the whole 90 minutes. If individuals cardiovascular endurance was not very favourable and they ran around for 90 minutes it could cause them to pass out because there heart and lungs can not take the strain. Smoking will also effect your cardiovascular endurance because if your trying to take in more oxygen the tar construct up around your hearts arteries makes the oxygens gap smaller letting oxygen though slower then needed causing short of breath quicker.Balance is essential because in order to kic k the ball you must stand on one leg, if you dont have good balance you may fall over before your foot reaches the ball. Balance can not be improved, your either have good balance or you dont.Co-ordination is important football players need co-ordination between their eye and foot so they make contact with the ball. Skills on the ball are only preformed if the player has good co-ordination otherwise tricks become unsuccessful.

Impact Of Motivational Rewards on Employees Essay Example for Free

Impact Of Motivational Rewards on Employees Essay penuryInternal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors argon the reasons cardinal has for behaving a certain(prenominal) way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class.MOTIVATION IN BUSINESSCompanies can motivate employees to do a better job than they otherwise would. Incentives that can be offered to mental faculty include increased afford or meliorate working conditions. Motivational theories suggest ways to encourage employees to work harder. A motivated workforce results inIncreased output caused by extra effort from workers.Improved quality as staff take a greater pride in their work. A soaringer level of staff retention. Workers are keen to stay with the firm and also reluctant to take unnecessary days off work. Managers can influence employee want in a variety of ways Monetary factors some staff work harder if offered higher pay. Non monetary factors other staff respond to incentives that have nothing to do with pay, eg improved working conditions or the chance to win promotion.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYReward Systems is a vital aspect of any organization. They can actively engage and reincarnate the overall sense of community and mission of an organization Reward dusts according to Sziligyi 1981, are outcomes or events in the organization that satisfy work related inescapably. Rewards systems are much more than just bonus plans and stock options but slice they often include intrinsic incentives, they also include extrinsic. A well-organized reward system bequeath motivate and energize employees because it recognizes the achievements of employees . Reward system implemented by organization willinfluence employees behavior and attitude towards their job if the rewards satisfy their needs and help them to reach their personal goals. When employees desire to get the rewards, they will change their behavior in order to achieve the minimum level of performance call for by organization.Organizations often design and implement the reward system without linking it with the ultimate improvement of organizations performance .Therefore, the reward system is unable to offer significantly to the performance of an organization Motivation is such a factor that exerts a driving force on our actions and work. According to Baron (1983) motivation is an appeal of different processes which influence and direct our behavior to achieve some specific goal. Motivation depends on certain intrinsic, as well as, extrinsic factors which in co llaborationism results in fully committed employees. Incentives, rewards and recognitions are the prime factors that impact on employee motivation.The factors like incentives and rewards are the most preferred factors for employee motivation programs Rewards is one of the important elements to motivate employees for contributing their best effort to generate innovation ideas that lead to better business functionality and further improvise company performance both financial and non-financially. at once an organizations result is highly dependent on the employees work motivation. It is therefore important for a company to find out what motivates its employees so that it can plan a suitable reward system and gain better results. The right combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards can boost up the employees work motivation and get up their commitment to the company.COMPANY PROFILESKASBITKASBIT Private Limited is the parent body of KASBIT that was realized in September 1999, by d int of Registration with Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan. It is the start-off Private Sector Institute of Higher Education that was registered as a Corporate body. Since its inception, KASBIT has achieved many a mile-stones that advocate its high standard, excellence and quality recognition. KASBIT is undertake by the Government of Sindh and recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, which has also awarded the highest category W(4) rating to KASBIT in recognition of the high educational standards that it maintains KASBIT isrecognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and has been awarded the highest ranking of W(A) under whom the standards of educational institutions are scrutinized and evaluated in Pakistan. KASBIT became a member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of crinkle (AACSB), which is based in the US to ensure the quality and continuous improvements in collegiate management education. KASBIT was certified by ISO in January 2002 in recognition of the high quality control system that it has in place. By this virtue, KASBIT became the first ISO-9001 Certified Degree Awarding Institute in the Private Sector of Pakistan.BAHARIA UNIVERSITYPakistan Navy established Bahria Institute at Islamabad and Karachi in the late eighties. These Institutes were aimed at providing quality and uninterrupted education up to Intermediate level, to the children of naval personnel on their convert from one station to another and in turn to contribute to the cause of promotion of education at the national level. Over the years these Institutes grew in surface and facilities, leading to the starting of BBA and B.Sc(CS) classes in 1995. These programs have since been upgraded to BBA (Hons), BCS (Hons) and MBA, MCS Program which were introduced in Fall 1997 as evening programs run under the management of two independent Institutes one each at Karachi and Islamabad respectively. The institutes are known as Bahria Institute of Management and Computer Science short title BIMCS suffixed with the location i.e. Karachi or Islamabad. ObjectivesBahria University, though very young, has the will and determination to develop and attain the objectives set forth below Ensure academic excellence through quality education in disciplined and peaceful learning environments. Establish Campuses, Research Institutes, Schools and Colleges across the length and breadth of Pakistan to turn population explosion into knowledge based force. Prepare the jr. generation to become future leaders and managers for a prosperous and educated Pakistan, through development of their mental, moral and professional strengths. Ensure academic excellence through quality education in disciplined and peaceful learning environments. Constantly monitor and upgrade facilities and updatethe curricula to keep pace with the emerging trends and technologies. Coordinate and go out facilities for exchange of knowledge and applied research in the newly emerging fields in collaboration with national and international Universities and research institutes. RESEARCH stadiumHuman resource (HR)OBJECTIVEFind out to what extend does employees performance influenced by motivationPROBLEM STATEMENTDecreasing Employees performance satisfaction overdue to lack of motivational factors that drives employees productivity level at its best in educational sector.KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. What Is the Relationship between Employees death penalty and motivation?2. How many types of motivation that drives employees productivity?3. What Is the Effect of Intrinsic motivation On Employees Performance?4. What is the Effect of Extrinsic motivation On Employees Performance?5. What measures can be taken to increase employees motivation level?6. What are the factors behind the low productivity of employee?7. What should be the behavior of employer towards the employees job satisfaction?INDEPENDENT VARIABLESIntrinsic Motivation1 . Recognition2. Learning opportunity3. Career advancementExtrinsic Motivation1. Basic Pay2. Performance BonusDEPENDENT VARIABLESEMPLOYEES PERFORMANCELIMITATIONInsufficient FundsSmall sample sizeTime barrierHardly possibility that organization will provide authentic information regarding their employees Research can take place only within the cityBeing a students its hard to get perfect information regarding their whole scenario of problemDE-LIMITATIONSRespondents will not provide appropriate responseEmployees will feel insecure while sharing their organizations point of view. Time consciousCity situationsSCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study will provide a better understanding to employers who have been lining employees low productivity level they can get a better understanding of how motivational factors can influence an employees performance level that lastly helps in growth of organization. This study will helps organization to increase employees performance through a perfect combination of intrinsic or extrinsic motivational factors. And it can be use in different dimension of business where employers are facing low productivity of employees.HYPOTHESISH1 Recognition has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Recognition has not impact on Employees Performance.H1 learning opportunity has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho learning opportunity has not impact on Employees Performance.H1 Career advancements have an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Career advancements have not impact on Employees Performance.H1 Basic Pay has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Basic pay has not impact on Employees Performance.H1 Performance bonus has an impact on Employees Performance.Ho Performance bonus has not impact on Employees Performance.

Equality Diversity And Rights In Health Care Social Work Essay

meetity Diversity And Rights In Health C be Social Work EssayWhat is comparison and transformation?Although several(prenominal)times used interchangeably, the wrong equality and diversity are not the same.Equality is close to creating a fairer society, where everyone smoke participate and has the opportunity to finish their potential (DH, 2004). It is about identifying patterns of experience based on group individuation, and the challenging processes that limit individuals potential health and keep chances.For example, occupational segregation. Women make up about 75% of the NHS workforce but are concentrated in the lower-paid occupational areas nursing, allied health professionals (AHPs), administrative workers and ancillary workers (DH, 2005). People from black and minority heathen groups comprise 39.1% of hospital medical staff yet they comprise only 22.1% of all hospital medical consultants (DH, 2005).An equalities approach understands that our friendly identity in terms of gender, race, disability, age, social class, tripuality and religion leave disturb on our life experiences.Diversity literally performer difference. When it is used as a contrast or addition to equality, it is about recognising individual as well as group differences, treating deal as individuals, and placing positive time value on diversity in the familiarity and in the workforce.Historically, employers and assistants defy ignored certain differences. However, individual and group diversity ineluctably to be considered in order to ensure that everybodys needs and requirements are understood and answered to within employment practice and service design and delivery.One way in which organisations have responded to the issue of diversity in recent age has been the development of tractability in working practices and run. For example, an employer may allow an employee to work a flexible working pattern to accommodate child care arrangements, or a GP surgery may offer surgeries at the weekends in accommodate those who work full time during the week.These approaches recognise that in order to be inclusive and equal to all, organisations may need to respond diametricly to individuals/groups.Therefore, a commitment to equality in addition to recognition of diversity means that antithetical can be equal.Learning outcomesUnderstand concepts of equality, diversity rights in relation to Health and Social Care.Equality and diversity is becoming more Copernican in all aspects of our lives and work for a number of reasons.We live in an increasingly diverse society and need to be able to respond appropriately and sensitively to this diversity. Learners in the healthcare setting will reflect this diversity around gender, race and ethnicity, disability, religion, intimateity, class and age.Your organisation believes that successful implementation of equality and diversity in all aspects of work ensures that colleagues, staff and students are val ued, motivated and treated fairly.Every member of society is likely, at some point, to be a recipient of health and social care. The Department of Health can only achieve its aim of collapse health, care and well- macrocosm for all, by building an explicit commitment to equality, diversity and human rights by dint ofout the health and social care system. All public organisations including the Department of Health and public providers and commissioners of health and social care services have a duty to lift equality. Successfully delivering these duties is a union part of the health and social care systems objective to offer services that deliver graduate(prenominal) quality care for all.To do this, the diversity of the population has to be recognised, in policy development through to service delivery and patient care, acknowledging the diverse experiences, aspirations and needs of staff, patients and service.The Department of Health and local health and social care organisations continue to take proactive steps to address unequal access and outcomes experienced by some sections of the community. DH is working to ensure the principles and practicalities of fairness, equality, diversity and human rights are a central to the work of the Department.In 2007 the UK established a rising single equalities body, to make for together the existing equality Commissions dealing with gender, disability, and race and ethnicity into a Commission for Equality and tender Rights. The promotion and enforcement of equality and diversity is one of the triplet duties of the new body. This paper briefly explores diversity in relation to the theory of gender equality and also examines developments in policy at the EU level, which has provided much of the impetus for change. Our focus is on the policy approach and the tensions that the policy documents reveal about the emphasis on equality and diversity approach, in particular the extent to which guardianship to gender issues may get lost in the diversity bundle, and the extent to which a focus on the individual may be strengthened over the group. This page lists some of the guidance materials produced by the former equality commissions and guidance produced by external organisations, who have given us permission to reproduce their materials on our site.Guidance from ACASAge, religion or Belief, Sexual orientationThere are no statutory Codes in force covering sexual orientation, religion or belief, or age favoritism. However,ACAS has published guidance documents covering each of these areas. The following guides are also available on the ACAS website.Guidance from the EOC advising young peopleThe Equal Opportunities Commission produced guidance to help advisers who work with young people towork outwhether they might have experienced un equityful discrimination. The main focus was sex discrimination but other forms of discrimination are also referred to.Young people need advice too..Guidance from the TUC kind health issuesTheTUC produced guidance to help patronage union reps and officials provide a good service to members with mental health problems. It aims to equip reps in workplaces with the information they need to deal as well with mental health issues as they do with the other issues that crop up on daily basis.Guidance from the Refugee Council employing refugeesWe have worked with theRefugee Council to produce guidance on employing refugees. The guidance explains which documents can provide evidence of entitlement to work. This guidance is aimed at employers but could be useful for advisers as well.Guidance from Advocacy runion mankind rights toolkit for advocatesAction for Advocacy, the independent advocacy organisation has developed a toolkit based on an initial series of Commission-funded education mean solar days to advocates across England and Wales. The toolkit is a resource to promote further view and better use of resources that can support advocates to use human rights in their advocacy work.Understand discriminatory practice in health and social care. contrast is less favorable or bad word of someone because of one or more aspects of their social identity.Understanding how discrimination can adjoin on individuals lives is essential to prevent potential discrimination within in teaching and learning situations and ensure that you are confident in dealing with discrimination issues if and when they arise.Our social identity comprises ourgenderrace or ethnicitysexualityreligion or faithageclassdisability.While we can face discrimination because of either of these aspects, it is important that we also identify the links between social identities and individuality and/or a state and situation. Bad word can be multi-layered and eliminate because ofan aspect of individuality, e.g. some aspect of personal appearance, size, personal likes, etc.our state/situation, e.g. homelessness, being a lone parent, misuse of drugs or alcohol, citizen status, health, etc.Valuing diversityIt is important that you consider how an individuals social identity may impact on their experience of the programme/teaching session of clinical activity in which the learner is engaged.The shipway in which discrimination works include stereotyping, making assumptions, patronising, humiliating and disrespecting people, taking some people less seriously.To ensure that we value diversity and consider the individuals identity appropriately in clinical teaching, the following principles may be usefulrecognise that we need to treat all learners as individuals and respond to them, and their social identity, in an individual mannerunderstand that treating people fairly does not mean treating people in the same way we need to recognise difference and respond appropriatelyrespect all learners regardless of their social identitytry to increase our knowledge and understanding of aspects of social identity that may be distinct from our ownavoid stereotyping or making assumptions about learners based on their social identityrecognise that some course content may impact on some learners in a negative/difficult way because of an aspect of their social identityrecognise that the course structure, e.g. timing of lectures, unsociable hours, weekend working, and so on, may impact on some learners more than others due to their social identityrecognise that your own social identity may impact on learners in different waysavoid using inappropriate and disrespectful language relating to social identityInstitutional discriminationInstitutional discrimination is concerned with discrimination that has been incorporated into the structures, processes and procedures of organisations, either because of prejudice or because of failure to take into account the particular needs of different social identities.Looking at the long historical positioning, there is a very fundamental evolution of howpublic institutions have dealt with the notion of anti-discrimination. Whereas the typical 19thcentury anti-discrimination arrangements were developed for remission the case ofphilosophical and religious minorities, contemporary legislation is facing the challenge ofaddressing new issues such as, for instance, those raised by the massive immigration ofcolonial and leaf node workers immigrants. If racial discrimination is among the mostproblematic forms of discrimination, it is far from being the only one. The struggle againstdiscrimination is an ongoing process, which is now facing the challenge of, not onlyaddressing new social realities, but also addressing old ones innovatively. The inclusion ofdisability, sexual orientation and age as a basis for anti-discrimination struggle reflects thefeeling that the law must be adapted to processes of social change, which are marked todayby an unprecedented diversity in terms of lifestyles, ethnic, cultural and religiousbackgrounds. terzetto features distinguish institutional discrimin ation from other random individual forms of bad treatment.Triggered by social identity the discrimination impacts on groups (or individuals because they are members of that group).Systematic it is strengthened into laws, rules and regulations. For example, selection criteria for jobs or courses, laws such as the Minimum Wage, pension regularities, etc. the way we do things round here, including the use of authority and discretion, e.g. how training opportunities are allocated, how flexibility in learning practices is authorized the popular culture and ways of describing normality, e.g. long working hours culture/expectations.Results in patterns incidents of discrimination may appear isolated or random but where institutional discrimination occurs they are part of a wider pattern of events which often may be hidden. Patterns of discrimination can often be surfaced by effective organizational information relating to social identity. For example which groups of people get promoted in an organization? which groups of people get accepted onto a training course? which groups of people leave an organization after six months of employment?Questions such as this may point to some people experiencing the organization in a different/more negative way than others.Understand how National initiatives promotes anti-discriminatory practise in Health education and Social care.The concept of discrimination take in the legislation derived from denomination 13 is inspired bythe EU legislation on the equality of treatment between men and women.5 Equality oftreatment is defined as the absence of any direct or verifying discrimination. By directdiscrimination,The same document defines indirect discrimination as followsindirect discrimination shall be taken to occur where an apparently neutral provision,criterion or practice is liable to affect adversely a person or persons to whom any ofthe grounds referred to in hold 17 applies, unless that provision, criterion or practiceis objectively justified by a legitimate aim and the means of achieving it areappropriate and necessaryHarassment is also considered a discrimination in its own right. Harassment is any form ofaction that creates a disturbing, intimidating, skanky or hostile working environment, suchas verbal abuses and gestures. As in the equality of treatment between men and womenlegislation, the two anti-discrimination directives following Article 13 place the burden ofproof on the defendant in case of effectual action.Discrimination can happen in many different ways but you have rights to cling to youBy law people are protected from discrimination on the grounds ofracesexsexual orientationdisability (or because of something connected with your disability)religion or beliefbeing a transsexual personhaving just had a baby or being pregnantbeing married or in a civil partnership (this applies only at work or if someone is being proficient for work)age (this applies only at work or if someone is be ing trained for work)These are known as protected characteristics.Race discrimination wherever you were born, wherever your parents came from, whatever the colour of your skin, you have a right to be treated fairly.Gender equality sex discriminationWomen and men should not be treated unfairly because of their gender, because they are married or because they are raising a family.Sexual orientationWhether you are gay, lesbian, bisexual or straight should not put you at a disadvantage.Disability discriminationIf you have a physical or mental impairment you have specific rights that protect you against discrimination.Religion and beliefYour religion or belief, or those of somebody else, should not affect your right to be treated fairly. This could be at work, school, in shops or speckle using public services like health care.Transgender discriminationTrans people should be able to live with dignity. There are resistances for some of the forms of discrimination that trans people exper ience.Age equalityBy law you cannot be treated less favourably in your workplace or in training for work because of your age. For example, it would be unlawful to not employ someone because of their age.The EU notion of anti-discrimination offers a minimal standard of levelheaded protection, not anextensive and uniform one. This means that some countries will remain more advanced thanothers in their struggle against discrimination even after the implementation of the twodirectives. The legislation also suggests that equality of treatment is expected to result fromcombating discrimination.8 It does not enact a positive duty on public and private authoritiesto promote positive action or equal opportunities policies. In this respect, one suspects thatthis absence will in the long run be felt as a major shortcoming. Lessons from both theperspective of gender studies and from ethnic and racial studies have taught that a thinnotion of equality of treatment is far from being a promise of equality.Human rightsHuman rights are the basic rights and principles that belong to every person in the world. They are based on the core principles of dignity, fairness, equality, respect and autonomy (E and HRC, 2008). Human rights protect an individuals independence to control their day-to-day life, and effectively participate in all aspects of public life in a fair and equal way.Human rights help individuals to boasting and achieve potential throughbeing safe and protected from harmbeing treated fairly and with dignitybeing able to live the life you choosetaking an active part in your community and wider society (E and HRC, 2008).Intrinsic to these statements should be the principles of equality and diversity.Since 1998 the UK has also included human rights within its legal cloth. The Human Rights Act applies to all public authorities and bodies performing a public function. The Human Rights Acts places the following responsibility on your organisation.Organisations must pro mote and protect individuals human rights. This means treating people fairly, with dignity and respect while safeguarding the rights of the wider community.Organisations should apply core human rights values, such as equality, dignity, privacy, respect and involvement, to all organisational service readying and decision making.The Human Rights Act provides a complementary legal framework to the anti-discriminatory framework and the public duties.The legal contextAs a clinical instructor you will want to ensure that you understand the legal framework regarding equality, and that you can relate this framework to your everyday federal agency. The UK framework has two elements to it the anti- discriminatory framework (which gives individuals a route to raise complaints of discrimination around employment and service delivery) and the public duties (which place a proactive duty on organisations to address institutional discrimination).Overview of anti-discriminatory frameworkSex Discr imination Act 1975Race Relations Act 1976Disability Discrimination Act 1995Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) and (Religious Belief) Regulations 2003Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006Equality Act 2006 (covers service delivery in relation to sexual orientation and religious belief)It is important to note that at the current time, age legislation only protects individuals in the area of employment and not service delivery.The SEN and Disability Act 2001The SEN and Disability Act 2001 extended the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 to education with effect from family line 2002. This act requires teachers to explore the provision of reasonable adjustments for students who may have disabilities, including learning disabilities, to enable them to participate effectively.The EU took great care to avoid national and EU anti-discrimination provisions becomingconcurrent. The solution introduced for solving this difficult question was to adopt the mostappropriate technique of l egislation. By choosing the directive, the EU has in effect opted forflexibility.The Directive, stubborn to the regulation, offers Member States general guidelines,which should be implemented within two years after the adoption of the two directives. Theanti-discrimination package proposed by the Commission and later adoptive by the Councilof Ministers defines minimal common standard of legal protection for victims ofdiscrimination, without prejudice of what the Member States already have on offer in theirinternal legal order.It is particularly crucial for the success of the legislation that Member States take the EUinitiative as a motivation for upgrading their internal standard of protection and not as ajustification for lowering them. This is why the two directives contain a non-regressionclause which will in practice lead to better legislation in all Member States. Another reasonwhy EU legislation should be seen as complementing national initiatives is the materialscope of the Article 13.As indicated above, the sphere of competence of the EU in the areaof anti-discrimination is restrictively defined by the Treaty on the European Union. The mainarea where it will be relevant to think in terms of Article 13 is the labour market. Therefore,there is a whole range of areas of potential discrimination where the role of the MemberStates will remain primordial.Know how anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in Health Social Care settingActive promotion of anti-discriminatory practiceethical principles putt the patient/service user at the heart of service provision, eg providing active support consistent with the beliefs, culture and preferencesof the individual, supporting individuals to express their needs and preferences, empowering individuals,promoting individuals rights, choices and wellbeing balance individual rights with the rights of othersdealing with conflicts identifying and challenging discriminationPersonal beliefs and value systems influences o n, eg culture, beliefs, past events, socialisation,environmental influences, health and wellbeing developing greater self-awareness and tolerance ofdifferences committing to the care value base careful use of language working within legal, ethical and policy guidelines.Beliefs are the assumptions we make about ourselves, about others in the world and about how we expect things to be. Beliefs are about how we think things really are, what we think is really true and what therefore expect as likely consequences that will follow from our behavior.Since the nett comprehensive review in 1974, the Health Belief Model (HBM) has continued to be the focus of considerable theoretical and research attention. This article presents a minute review of 29 HBM-related investigations published during the period 1974-1984, tabulates the findings from 17 studies conducted prior to 1974, and provides a summary of the total 46 HBM studies (18 prospective, 28 retrospective).Twenty-four studies examined preventive-health be haviors (PHB), 19 explored sick-role behaviors (SRB), and three addressed clinic utilization. A significance ratio was constructed which divides the number of positive, statistically- significant findings for an HBM dimension by the total number of studies reporting significance levels for that dimension. Summary results provide full-blooded empirical support for the HBM, with findings from prospective studies at least as favorable as those obtained from retrospective research. sensed barriers proved to be the most powerful of the HBM dimensions across the various study designs and behaviors.While both were important overall, perceived sus ceptibility was a stronger contributor to understanding PHB than SRB, while the reverse was true for perceived benefits. Perceived severity produced the lowest overall significance ratios however, while only weakly associated with PHB, this dimension was strongly related to SRB. On the basis of the evidence compiled, it is recommended that consideration of HBM dimensions be a part of health education programming. Suggestions are offered for further research.It is important for care workers to promote equality, value diversity and respect the rights of service users. There are various ways of how they can challenge discriminatory issues and practices in health and social care.One of the ways in which care worker can promote equality, value diversity and respect the rights of service users is to always put the patient/service user at the heart of the service provision. This means that the patients individual needs will be met and achievedHuman rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world.Ideas about human rights have evolved over many centuries. merely they achieved strong international support following the Holocaust and World War II. To protect future generations from a repeat of these horrors, the United Nations adopted the Universal firmness of purpose of Human Rights in 1948. For the first time, the Universal Declaration set out the fundamental rights and freedoms shared by all human beings. These rights and freedoms based on core principles like dignity, equality and respect inspired a range of international and regional human rights treaties. For example, they formed the basis for the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950. The European Convention protects the human rights of people in countries that belong to the Council of Europe. This includes the United Kingdom.Until recently, people in the United Kingdom had to complain to the European salute of Human Rights in Strasbourg if they felt their rights under the European Convention had been breached.for example a personal eating plan to a specific individual. Putting the service user at the centre of the provision generally makes a happier and healthier patient in all areas. Care workers can help achieve this by * Understanding what it is like to use those services * Involving those who use the servicesAnother example can be quoted as, Rights of one patient will light touch with the rights of other A patient has the right to watch TV or listen to the radio, while the patient in the next bed has the right the right to an untroubled sleep the rights of these two patients clash. By providing earphones could help resolve this.If patients share a room one wants the door propped open and the other one doesnt although this is a clash of rights the rights of the patient who wanted the door closed would outweigh the other as propping open doors is a fire riskCare settings must provide services in such a way that all service users get equal benefit for them. For example a person who does not have face as their first language may require a translator in order to understand the services available and to express a choice about them. One of the most beneficial ways in which a social care setting can challenge anti discriminatory is through staff development and tr aining this may be done formally through supervision sessions or more informally in the course of day to day working. The manager should supervise the work of their staff, offer advice and guidance in difficult situations and help the workers identify training opportunities to improve their practise.

Mobile Phone use: Reaction Times

fluent Ph angiotensin-converting enzyme use Reaction TimesThe purpose of this train was to determine the effects of divided financial aid upon response sentence. Participants consisted of 51 egg-producing(prenominal) and 10 male students from the University of Canberra, ranging in age from 19- 60 years (M = 24.95, SD = 7.99). Participants were asked to complete a spatial cueing task while use their officious sound to every send text messages or make squall call(a)s. Data was collected using the universities electronic computers on the program sprocket Lab 2.0. Results revealed that the text and talk checks for all task types (neutral, legal, and invalid) had world-shakingly laggard reaction generation than the control condition. The text pigeonholing showed importantly slower reaction clock than the talk assembly. Further more, the control mathematical root word showed that the reaction times for the valid tasks was significantly faster than the neutral, and sign ificantly faster for the valid than invalid tasks. These results do support earlier seek and literature in the argona of mobile phone use while park appearance.The use of mobile phones has gr take inup over the last five years, with over 21.26 million users in Australia alone (White, Hyde, Walsh Watson, 2010). Despite increasing evidence that mobile phone use while dissemblement force renders risks number one woods still engage in this behaviour. A self- report study on mobile phone use while driving in Australia, strand that 43 percent of mobile phone owners use their phones while driving to resolving power their calls, followed by making calls 36 percent, reading text messages 27 percent, and sending text messages 18 percent. Approximately a third of these drivers utilize come about on the loose(p) units, indicating that just about Australian drivers use hand held mobile phones while driving (White Watson, 2010).The disadvantage potential of mobile phone usage w hile driving has been the focus of various behavioural and data-based studies. Although these studies dissent in the extent of behavioural changes found, most researchers agree that there is a significant negative effect on different aspects of driving performance. The most common aspects be the withdrawal of attention and slower reaction times (Reed Green, 1999). The impact of driving while using a mobile phone on reaction time is often explained with reference to a phenomenon comm just referred to as inattentional blindness or change blindness (Strayer, Drews Johnston, 2003), wherein a person who is focusing attention on one particular task go out entrust manner to nonice an unexpected stimulus even while directly looking at it (Simons Chabris, 1999).Strayer and Johnston (2003), determined that drivers conversing on a hand free mobile phone were more desirely than drivers not using mobile phones to fail to notice traffic signals and respond slower to brake lights. As a result drivers were more likely to cause rear end accidents and less likely to be able to recall detailed information about particular visual stimuli (Strayer et al., 2003). These researchers also found this behaviour in actors who fixated their vision, suggesting that mobile phone conversations may induce inattentional blindness in the context of driving. However, Strayer Johnston (2003) considered that because they used a high- fidelity driving simulator that these results were conclusive of real life driving. These results may not be dead-on(prenominal) in real life scenarios were participants would be driving on real roads with real vehicles.Beede Kass, (2006) also used a driving simulator to measure the impact of a conversation task on a hands free mobile phone and a signal detection task while driving. Results suggested driving performance in terms of traffic violations, was significantly damage while participants converse on the hands free unit and overall performance in the signal detection task were low. Finally they found an interaction between the mobile phone conversation and a signal detection task in measures of speed, speed variability, reaction time and attention lapses (Beede Kass, 2006).However, drivers that ar not subjected to distracting tasks may also fail to notice important features of the traffic environment. That is, even when scanning different parts of the visual scene appropriately, there is a risk that important features will be missed in unattended areas (Simons Chabris, 1999). In considering the phenomena of inattentional blindness, it is worth reiterating a key modifier, unexpected events. Generally, the occurrence of these inattentional failures seems to be castrated when the commentator anticipates the target area. Therefore, the unexpected events seem to be the most problematic. In the context of traffic, these may be somewhat harder to define quantitatively because these events can take on galore(postnominal) di fferent forms (Simons Chabris, 1999).A study conducted by Posner, Snyder Davidson, (1980) using a spatial cueing task, looked into the theory of expected versus unexpected events. They believe that participants responses to cued targets are usually faster and sometimes more accurate than responses to uncued targets. Results from the study conducted by Posner et al., (1980) suggest that participants were faster when the cue appeared in the same location (valid) and slowest when the cue appeared opposite the indicated cue (invalid). Posner, Snyder and Davidson, (1980) understand these results as showing that participants shifted their attention to the location of the target prior to its appearance. Equally, when participants were expecting the cue to appear in the opposite area, participants shifted attention to the wrong location. However, it may be manageable to describe these results as being due to participants anticipation of the target position, or even chance.Alter native-bo rnly, Simons Chabris (1999) provided a review of experiments in which participants focusing on visual tasks fail to notice unexpected visual stimuli, and present their own seminal explanation of the phenomenon. Results suggest that the probability of noticing the unexpected object depended on the similarity of the particular object within the display and the difficulty of the task. Simons Chabris (1999) add that the spatial proximity of the object to attended location did not affect the detection, suggesting that participants attend to objects and events, not positions (Simons et al., 1999). However, this study did not explore whether individual differences in noticing, take place from differences in the ability to perform the primary task.Strayer, Drews Crouch (2006) compared drivers using mobile phones to drunk drivers, concludingthat when controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, mobile-phone drivers exhibited a greater impairment than intoxicated drivers. Results o f this study found that the reaction time of drivers using a mobile phone were slower by 8.4 percent relative to drivers who n all had consumed inebriant nor were using phones. Also drivers using mobile phones were actually more likely to control a rear- end crash than drivers who had consumed alcohol (Strayer Crouch, 2003). The impact of using a hands free phone on driving performance was not found to differ from the impact of using a hand held phone, which researchers suggested was due to the withdrawal of attention from the processing of information in the driving environment while engaging in mobile phone conversation (Strayer et al., 2003). However, the measures used for the ii impairments mentioned above, are quite unusual. Mobile phone impairment is associated with the diversion of attention and is temporary, while the impairment from alcohol persists for longer periods of time. Furthermore, while mobile phone users concur some kind of control (e.g. pausing a conversatio n) drivers who are intoxicated cannot do much to control their performance.Studies that have looked at the effects of texting while driving have also suggested a negative impact on drivers performance (Drews, Yazdani, Celeste, Godfrey Cooper, 2009). Research by Drews Cooper (2009) found a lack of response time in participants who used their mobile phones to send text messages while driving on a simulator. They concluded the texters in the driving simulator had more crashes, responded more slowly to the brake lights of cars in front of them- and showed more impairment in forward and sideship canal control than drivers who talked on their mobile phones while driving. (Drews et al. also found that text messaging participants longest eyes off the road duration was over six seconds. At 55mph this equates to a driver travelling the length of a football field without looking at the roadway.In summary, the purpose of this study is to explore the effects of divided attention on response ti me. To achieve this purpose, this study aims to measure response times in the neutral, valid, and invalid conditions of a spatial cueing task, while participants use their mobile phones to talk or text. Based on both theory and past research, it is hypothesised that the control stem will have significantly faster reaction times over all groups (text and talk). It was also hypothesised that the reaction times for the control group crosswise all task types (valid, invalid, and neutral) would be significantly different. More specifically, it was predicted that the task type for the valid condition would be faster than the neutral task, and significantly faster for the valid than the invalid task. It was hypothesised that there would be a significant difference between participants reaction times within the talk group across all three conditions (valid, invalid, and neutral) in contrast to the text group. More specifically it was predicted that the reaction times for the talk group wil l be significantly faster overall compared to the text group.MethodParticipantsThe participants of this study consisted of 61 graduate and undergraduate students of the unit cognitive psychology, from the University of Canberra (51 female and 10 male). Ages ranged from 19 to 60 years (M = 24.95, SD = 7.99). Participants were allocated a condition based on their tutorial group. Tutorial one were allocated to the text condition, this group included 20 participants of which two performed the control condition due to non- availability of a mobile phone. Tutorial two participants were allocated to the talk condition, this group included 18 participants, of which one participant did the control condition. Tutorial three and four participants were allocated to the control condition, this group included 24 participants, of which three participants did the text condition. One participant was excluded from the study, as they did not take down their mean response times.MaterialsAll 61 partici pants were given a spatial cueing task on the universities computer during class tutorials. Participants used the computer program Cog Lab 2.0 to view and complete the cueing task. Each participant was given an instruction sheet as per his / her tutorial group. Participants within the text and talk condition used their own personal mobile phone.ProcedureStudent participants were divided into three groups as arranged by their tutorial time and group. These groups comprised of three conditions text, talk, and control. While in tutorials participants were given an instruction sheet and told to follow the instructions as per their group category (text, talk, or control). In order to maintain confidentiality participants were asked to select and record a code name. They were than asked to give their age, gender, and identify the group they had been assigned to.Each group of participants were given a set of instructions that were unique to their own group. The text group were told to comp lete the spatial cueing exercise while writing and sending three text messages. They were instructed not to answer their phone or talk to bothone else during the experiment. The talk group were instructed to make a series of short calls or one long call while taking part in the experiment. They were also told not to answer the phone or talk to any one else in the room. The control group were given instructions to focus only on the experiment and give it the same attention they would if driving a car on a busy road. They were told not to talk on the phone, message, or talk to anyone else in the room. Participants were whence asked to complete the spatial cueing task on the computer (Cog Lab 2.0) per their assigned group.DesignVariables The independent variable in this study was the mobile phone = 3 levels, the dependant variable was response time.ResultsEffect of Condition on Reaction TimeMean reaction times for the text group were slower than for the ripple group, and those for t he Talk group were slower than the curtail group. Mean reaction times for separately condition on the apathetic, sound and disenable tasks are shown below in Figure 1.Figure 1. Mean reaction time for control, text and talk conditions across neutral, valid and invalid spatial cueing tasks.A Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA indicated a significant difference in reaction times across Control (Mean regularize = 15.0), Talk (Mean Rank = 31.3), and school text (Mean Rank = 48.3) conditions, H(2,61) = 38.60, p The deduction level was reset to p = .02 using a Bonferroni correction. A Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that the Text group (Mean Rank = 33.48 for Neutral task, Mean Rank = 33.95 for Valid task, Mean Rank = 33.0 for hinder task, n = 21) had significantly slower reaction times than the Control group (Mean Rank = 12.48 Neutral task, Mean Rank = 12.04 Valid task, Mean Rank = 12.91 Invalid task, n = 23), U = 11.0, z = -5.416U = 1.0, z = -5.181 U = 21.0, z = -5.651 (corrected for ties), p Follow-up Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that the Talk group (Mean Rank = 28.59, Mean Rank = 29.24, Mean Rank = 28.18, n = 17) also had significantly slower reaction times than the Control group (Mean Rank = 14.52 Neutral task, Mean Rank = 14.04 Valid task, Mean Rank = 14.83 Invalid task, n = 23), U = 58.0, z = -3.762 U = 47.0, z = -4.063 U = 65.0, z = -3.57 (not corrected for ties) , p Follow-up Mann-Whitney U tests indicated the Text group (Mean Rank = 25.81, Mean Rank = 26.86, Mean Rank = 26.05, n = 21) had significantly slower reaction times than the Talk group (Mean Rank = 11.71 Neutral task, Mean Rank = 10.41 Valid task, Mean Rank = 11.41 Invalid task, n = 17), U = 46.0, z = -3.89 U = 24.0, z = -4.536 U = 41.0, z = -4.037 (not corrected for ties), p Effect of Task Type on Reaction TimeA Friedman ANOVA showed there was a significant difference in reaction times across task type for the control group, 2(2) = 24.09, p DiscussionThis study explored the effects of divided attention on response time. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA did show a significant difference between reaction times across all three conditions (control, talk and text). However this outline leaves the ambiguous situation of not clear-sighted which condition/s differed more so than others. A second analysis was performed, this revealed that response times for the text group across all task types (valid, invalid, and neutral) were significantly slower than the control group, the effect was large. Results also revealed that the response times for the talk group across all task types were significantly slower than the control group the effect was medium to large. These results are consistent with the first hypothesis. Previous studies much more scientific than ours, conducted in vehicle simulators have also found a significant singingship between similar aspects of texting, talking, and driving. However, picture pars between this studies results and past studies results, issues ar ise over the contemporary studies methods.This study was not employed in a driving simulator, nor was the task undertaken in a real driving environment or vehicle. Participant simply sat in front of a computer in a class room where they were told to imagine driving a car on a busy road. There is no possible way this would accurately flirt actual driver duties or a real driving environment. The precedent size is also quite questionable and would not represent the current driving population. A future benefit for this study would be to create a more legitimate driving environment and increase the sample size.The results of the fourth analysis also supported the hypothesis these results showed the text group to have significantly slower reaction times than the talk group across all task types, the effect was large. Results are also consistent with past research on texting, driving and mobile phone use. Although, this study was not performed in a real or simulated driving environment these results were expected because texting required the participants to remove their eyes and attention away from the computer screen. However, these results only indicated a difference between reaction times, they do not suggest where the difference lies or how much interference can be attributed to the manual manipulation of the phone (e.g. texting), or how much can be attributed to the demands placed on attention by the phone conversation. A benefit to future studies would be to measure each one of these underlining factors separately and then compare those with other activities commonly engaged during driving.The last analysis showed there was a significant difference in reaction times across task type for the control group. More specifically results showed reaction time for valid tasks to be significantly faster than for neutral tasks, and significantly faster for the valid than the invalid. These effects were described as large. This result also supports the hypothesis and th e foregoing study conducted by Posner and Davidson, (1980). However, most spatial cueing experiments including this one have been concerned with the effect of directing attention on the detection of stimuli. Little has been done on the influence of visual attention on higher-level cognitive tasks, i.e., where a response would involve making a decision between two or more alternatives (Johnston, McCann Remington, 1995). According to Johnston et al. (1995) responding to a higher-level cognitive task and detecting a stimulus may only be the first stage or a single process in a series of mental procedures tough in the response. Directing attention to the location of the stimulus might result in faster detection of the stimulus. It may be beneficial for this study and others like it to explore this theory more comprehensively.ReferencesBeede, K. E., Kass, S. T. (2006). Engrossed in conversation The impact of cell phones on simulated driving performance. Accident Analysis Prevention, 38, 415-421. Retrieved from http//www.Canberra.edu.au/libraryDrews, F. A., Yazdani, H., Celeste, N., Godfrey, Cooper, J. M., Strayer, D. L. (2009). Text Messaging during simulated driving. Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 51, 762-770.Johnston, J. C., McCann, R. S., Remington, R. W. (1995). Chronometric evidence for two types of attention. Journal of Psychological Sciences, 6, 365-386.Posner, M. I., Snyder, R. R., Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals, Journal of Experimental psychological science, 109, 160-174.Reed, M. P., Green, P. A. (1999). Comparison of driving performance on-road and in a low-cost simulator using a concurrent telephone dialling task. Ergonomics, 42, 1015-1037.Simons, D. J., Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 1059-1074.Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., Crouch, D. J. (1999). A comparison of the cell phone driver and the drunk driver. Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 48, 381-391.Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., Johnston, W. A. (2003). Cell phone- induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 9, 23-32.White, K. M., Hyde, M. K., Walsh, S. P., Watson, B. (2010). Mobile phone use while driving An investigation of the beliefs influencing drivers hands- free and hand- held mobile phone use. Journal of Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 13, 9-20. Retrieved from http//www. canberra.edu.au/librarySelf-evaluation Form for Cognitive Psychology 2010 Lab ReportFor each item in the table, highlight or bold the description that fits your work for that component of the lab report.HDDCRPFTitlen/an/an/a 12 wordsAbstractconcise, accurate and elegant description of problem, participants, experimental conditions, method, results, and conclusion.concise and accurate description of problem, participants, experimental conditions, method, results, and conclusion.Daccurate descr iption of problem, participants, experimental conditions, method, results, and conclusion (one omitted) world(a)ly accurate description of problem, participants, experimental conditions, method, results, and conclusion (up to two omitted)poor description of participants, problem, participants, experimental conditions, method, results, and conclusion (three of more omitted)Introductionconcise, accurate and elegant introduction of the topicconcise and accurate introduction of the topicaccurate introduction of the topicCR superior generally accurate introduction of the topic, some minor errors of taking into custodyless than accurate introduction of the topiccomprehensive reportage of literature and substantial critical thought and analysis establishing importance, relevance and context of the issuecomprehensive coverage of literature and sound critical thought and analysis establishing importance, relevance and context of the issue solid discretion of the literature but limited crit ical analysis establishing importance, relevance and context of the issueCRgood understanding of the literature but diminished or no critical analysis establishing importance, relevance and context of the issuelittle or no understanding of the literature or critical analysis establishing importance, relevance and context of the issuedeveloped and justified argument for experiment using own ideas based on a wide range of sources which are thoroughly analysed, applied and discussedcritical appraisal of the literature and theory from a variety of appropriate sources and developed own ideas in the process Dclear evidence and application of readings relevant to topic and use of appropriate sources lit review is less complete than for D and HDliterature is presented in a purely descriptive way (no critical thought) there may be limitations in understanding of the materialliterature is presented in a disjointed way with no critical thought and major limitations in understanding of the ma terialexceptional understanding of problem and theoretical framework, and consolidation and innovative selection and handling of theoriesclear understanding of the general problem and theoretical framework and insightful and appropriate selection of theoriesgood understanding of general problem and theoretical framework and most key theories are included in a straightforward mannerCRadequate understanding of general problem and theoretical framework and selection of theory is appropriate but some aspects have been missed or misconstructedlittle or no understanding of the general problem and/or the theoretical frameworkconcise, clear and accurate argument confidential information to a statement of hypothesesclear and accurate argument leading to a statement of hypothesesaccurate argument leading to a statement of hypothesesCRgenerally accurate argument leading to a statement of hypotheses hypotheses half(prenominal)/inaccurateinaccurate or missing argument or statement of hypothes esMethodconcise, accurate and elegant description of participants, materials, design and proceduresconcise and accurate description of participants, materials, design and proceduresaccurate description of participants, materials, design and proceduresCRgenerally accurate description of participants, materials, design and procedures (one may be missing)poor description of participants, materials, design and procedures one or more of these may be missingexperiment is completely and easily replicable from the information in the methodexperiment is completely replicable from the information in the methodDexperiment can be almost replicated from the information in the method errors are more noticeable and may be more seriousexperiment can be replicated with moderate accuracy from the information in the method one or two major errorsexperiment cannot be replicated with a satisfactory level of accuracy from the information in the method major and serious errorsResultsresults from Moodle are included and right placedHDn/an/aresults from Moodle are included but incorrect placement or they have been alteredresults from Moodle are not included and/or correctly placed, or are not those provided via MoodleDiscussionconcise, accurate and elegant summary and interpretation of results associate impale to the hypothesesconcise and accurate summary and interpretation of results related back to the hypotheses (only very minor errors)accurate summary and interpretation of results related back to the hypotheses (only minor errors)generally accurate summary and interpretation of results related back to the hypotheses (one or two more major errors)poor or inaccurate summary and interpretation of results related back to the hypotheses (major errors)comprehensive discourse of the results in sex act to forward literature and theory, and substantial critical thought and analysis of where the current findings belong in the literaturecomprehensive discussion of the results of the results in relation to previous literature and theory and considerable critical thought and analysis of where the current findings belong in the literaturesound discussion of the results in relation to previous literature and theory, and some critical thought and analysis of where the current findings belong in the literatureCRreasonable discussion of the results in relation to previous literature and theory, but no critical thought or analysis of where the current findings belong in the literaturepoor discussion of the results in relation to previous literature and theorycritically evaluation of evidence supporting conclusions including reliability, validity and significancecomprehensive evaluation of the relevance and significance of results including reliability, validity and significancesound evaluation of the relevance and significance of the results including reliability, validity and significanceCRsatisfactory evaluation of the relevance and significance of the results inclu ding reliability, validity and significancelittle or no evaluation of the relevance and significance of the results including reliability, validity and significanceexceptional interpretation of any unexpected results and discussion of alternative interpretations of findingsclear interpretation of any unexpected results and discussion of alternative interpretations of findingsgood interpretation of any unexpected results and discussion of alternative interpretations of findingsCRsatisfactory interpretation of any unexpected results and discussion of alternative interpretations of findingslittle or no interpretation of any unexpected results or discussion of alternative interpretations of findingsconcise, clear and thoughtful discussion of problems, limitations and generalisability of the study, and implications for future research projectsclear, accurate and thoughtful discussion of problems, limitations and generalisability of the study, and implications for future research projects Daccurate and competent discussion of problems, limitations and generalisability of the study, and implications for future research projectsdiscussion of problems, limitations and generalisability of the study, and implications for future research projectslittle or no discussion of problems, limitations or generalisability of the study, or implications for future research projectsNorovirus Causes and SolutionsNorovirus Causes and SolutionsContentsOrigin and broadcast of the NorovirusSymptomsTransmission in wellness address quicknessPrevention of NorovirusPreventive measures for spread of virus in health care facilityEarly (or primary) control actionsControl of transmission at the ward levelSpecific Nursing care for patientsPersonal careProper hand hygieneExtra careBibliographyEssayOrigin and spread of the NorovirusNorovirus, occasionally declare as the winter vomiting bug in the United Kingdom, is the utmost common reason of viral gastroenteritisin human beings. It affects indi viduals of all ages. The virus is transferred byfecally polluted piss or food, by person-to-person interaction and through aerosolization of the disease and following adulteration of surfaces.The virus affects about 267 million individuals and reasons above 200,000 deceases every year these deaths are frequently in less advanced republics and in the very young, aged and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is categorized by watery diarrhoea, forceful vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, and in several(prenominal) subject areas, general lethargy, muscle aches, loss of taste, headache, weakness and low-grade fever may arise. The illness is typically self-limiting, and severe sickness is rare. Though having norovirus can be spiteful, it is not generally hazardous and most that contact it make a full retrieval in a couple of days. Norovirus is speedily disabled by either adequate heating or by chlorine based disinfection, but the virus is less vulnerable to alcohols and cleaners. (Ben Lo pman, 2011) subsequentlycontamination,resistanceto norovirus is usually partial and momentarywith one publication drawing the deduction that defensive immunity to the similar pressure of norovirus continues for six months, but that all such resistance is disappeared after two years. Outbursts of norovirus contagion often extend in closed or semi closed societies, such as long-term care amenities, overnight campsites, clinics, schools, dormitories, prisons, and cruise ships, where the contamination spreads very speedily either by person-to-person spread or through polluted food. Numerous norovirus outbursts have been outlined to food that was controlled by one infected individual. (Sears, 2008)The species nameNorovirusis derivative instrument of Norwalk virus, the only kind of the genus. The species causes about 90% of epidemicnonbacterial outbursts of gastroenteritisround the domain,and may be accountable for 50% of all foodborne outbursts of gastroenteritis in the USA.SymptomsSym ptoms recorded by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) contain vomiting, non-bloody diarrhoea with stomach cramps and biliousness. These seem following a development period of 24-48 hours, though there are examples where signs present after only 12 hours succeeding disclosure to the virus.(Mcgeary, 2012) Blacklow (1996) found grown-up volunteers injected with the virus established a momentary mucosal laceration of the proximal minor intestine but had no colon association this proposes norovirus infection frees the large intestine hereafter faecal leucocytes do not exist in stool testers. This feature has been used to aid realize the contamination from others such as salmonellosis, C difficile infection orshigellosis.Transmission in health care facilityNoroviruses are found in the faeces and vomitive of infected individuals. This virus is very spreadable and can feast rapidly through healthcare amenities. People can become infested with the virus in numerous waysHa ving straight contact with some other individual who is infested (a healthcare employee, guest, or another patient)Ingestion food or drinking fluids that are polluted with norovirus.Touching overstep or objects polluted with norovirus, and then touching your face or other food items. (HAIs, 2013)Prevention of NorovirusIn a healthcare capacity, patients with supposed norovirus may be located in isolated rooms or share accommodations with other patients with the identical infection. Extra forecloseion actions in healthcare amenities can reduce the chance of interacting with norovirusesFollow hand-hygiene rules, and cautiously washing of hands with cleanser and water after interaction with patients with norovirus contagion.Use robes and gloves when in connection with, or caring for patients who are indicative of norovirus.Regularly clean and sterilize high touch patient exteriors and apparatus with an Environmental Protection Agency-approved produce with a tag claim for norovirus pa ss along and wash polluted clothing or linensHealthcare employees who have signs consistent with norovirus should be barred from work.Preventive measures for spread of virus in health care facilityThe virus is characteristically conveyed to persons by the faecal-oral path from fecally polluted foodstuff or water, person-to-person interaction or interaction with polluted fomites. In current institutional outbreaks, airborne spread via vomiting has been suggested as expediting rapid spread of contagion. Once noroviruses are presented onto a region or floor, the contamination may spread speedily through the facility in spite of cohorting and actions to limit the feast of the contaminations. To support in the decision-making procedure for infirmaries and nursing homes when these contaminations happen, the Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of man Health has collected a list of recommended, but not required control actions established from knowledge with organization of earlier h ospital eruptions. The movements taken by diverse hospitals or nurturing homes may vary with the sum of cases and degree of spread within the facility. (health protection agency)Early (or primary) control actions Once a catalogue case presents within an area, immediate separation of the patient and the instant area is necessary. Patients inflowing the hospital with indications evocative of norovirus contagions should be admitted straight to a private area until another cause of disease are recognized. The contamination control staff should be instantly notified about the beginning of the first case. Infection control run should equalize every day to screen the outbreak and assess control actions. Support enteric defences and strategies to all staff associates. Staff should be repeated that good hand washing after all patient interaction (washing with warm running water and cleanser for at least 10 seconds) is the utmost operational way of dropping person-to-person feast of contamin ation. In the absenteeism of running water, alcohol emollient may be used except hands are totally soiled. The native health officer should be instantly notified once an outburst is alleged. Indicative patients or inhabitants should be cohorted. If an outburst lasts consider closing the facility to new admittances. la-di-da staff must be controlled from patient interaction for 48 hours after termination of signs. (management of norovirus, 2004)Control of transmission at the ward level Unluckily, by the time the outburst has been documented on a ward, it is probable the majority of vulnerable patients and employee on duty may have been exposed to the infested agent, mainly if vomiting is an lengthened symptom. Gowns, gloves and masks should be worn every time contact with a diseased patient or polluted atmosphere is expected. Affected areas or floors should be crocked to new admittances and companions to avoid the introduction of other vulnerable individuals. Airborne spread may b e a noteworthy contributor to the sum of cases since projectile retching could possibly create infectious sprays. Air flows created by open spaces or air conditioning could scatter aerosols extensively. Air streams should be reduced. Affected areas should persist closed until a 48-hour period has passed with no unfermented cases amongst patients or staff. Non-essential employee should be excluded from pretentious clinical zones. Reducing the risk of communication from sickness may be problematic. (HPS norovirus outbreak, 2013)The following actions may be valuable and are suggested Removal of exposed foodstuffs such as plates of fruit Rapid washing and fumigation of parts where vomiting has happened with a 0.1% hypochlorite solution (made fresh everyday) Administration of anti-emetics drugs Full cleaning routine on all pretentious wards. (Norovirus outbreak prevention toolkit, 2012)Specific Nursing care for patientsPersonal carePatients with Norovirus pestilence are very sensitive because this disease is very irritating due to its unbearable symptoms. Nurses should provide such patients great personal care. Nurses must give attention to individual patient for hygiene. Symptomatic treatment is provided to such patients so nurses must provide extra care to patients. Nurses should wear Gowns, gloves and masks all the time and should not move outside of ward frequently to prevent spread of the disease. (Caballero, 2014)Proper hand hygieneStaff should rinse their hands (or use alcohol-based hand disinfectant) whenever they go in and leave a patient/resident area. Staff may be more directed to achieve hand hygiene at the following intervals position intermissions (e.g., once per hour) Upon ingoing to a kitchen after using the washroom After shaking hands or other bodily contact with colleagues or visitors After sneezing After touching the face of patient After puffing the nose After rubbing hands on dress and similar actions After treating raw foods After usage o f dirty kitchen gears and kitchenware After sweeping, cleaning, or mopping After a discontinuity After eating, smoking, or drinking Before and afterward using PPE e.g. gloves Before treating the food, curiously ready-to-eat foods and frost.Though, detailed hand-washing is also significant in keeping gloves or other gears from flattering vehicles for transporting microorganisms to the food. Preceding to handling or administering any oral medicines After ever-changing diapers After handling other possibly polluted objects. (norovirus management toolkit)Extra careExtra assistance is a need of these patients. Patients of Norovirus are disturbed psychologically due to its irritating symptoms so these patients require extra care and time. Vomits should be cleaned immediately and properly to prevent the airborne spread of this disease. Nurse should be present in ward all the time to provide extra care to these patients.Nurses have very significant role in patient care because they are the only staff in the health care facility that takes care of the medications, hygiene and moods of patients and patients with Norovirus require extra care due to their conditions.Bibliographymanagement of norovirus. (2004, feburary). Retrieved from public health http//www.publichealthmdc.com/environmental/food/documents/ManagementofNorovirusInfectionOutbreaksinHospitalsandNursingHomes.pdfNorovirus outbreak prevention toolkit. (2012, october). Retrieved from public health country of los angeles http//publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/docs/Norovirus/NoroToolkit2012.pdfHAIs. (2013, feburary 25). Retrieved from Centres for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/norovirus.htmlHPS norovirus outbreak. (2013, september). Retrieved from national services scotland http//www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/hai/infection-control/toolkits/norovirus-control-measures-2013-09.pdfBen Lopman, P. G. (2011, december 11). Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis. Retrieved fro m http//uepa.br/portal/downloads/Lopman2012.pdfCaballero, v. (2014, november 15). role nursing in norovirus outbreak. Retrieved from American public health association https//apha.confex.com/apha/142am/webprogram/Paper298230.htmlhealth protection agency. (n.d.). Retrieved from british infection association http//www.his.org.uk/files/9113/7398/0999/Guidelines_for_the_management_of_norovirus_outbreaks_in_acute_and_community_health_and_social_care_settings.pdfMcgeary, t. (2012, feburary 3). how to prevent the spread of norovirus. Retrieved from nursing times www.nursingtimes.net/how-to-prevent-the-spread-of-norovirus/5040972.articlenorovirus management toolkit. (n.d.). Retrieved from nevada state health division http//www.health.nv.gov/PDFs/HSPER/NorovirusManagementToolkitResponsePlan_Version1-1.pdfSears, T. M. (2008, july 8). Gastrointestinal Flu Norovirus in Health Care and Long-Term Care Facilities. Retrieved from clinical infectious diseases http//cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/ 9/1202.long

Fundamentals of Information Technology

Fundamentals of Information TechnologyHuman Computer Interface (HCI)Kurosu (2011) defines usability as the extent to which a product can be utilise by specified substance abusers to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. Usability is aquiline on the context of use and that the level of usability achieved will depend on the specific circumstances in which a product is used. The context of use consists of the users, tasks, equipment, and the corporal and organizational environments which whitethorn tout ensemble influence the usability of a productMicrosoft Visio and Word Interfaces look almost identical with its white shaded ribbons of to a faultls. What are so vastly different betwixt the two applications is their uses. Microsoft Word is a word processing application used for professional looking documentation while Visio is a diagramming and sender graphics application. An enhancement in terms of usability with Microsoft Word would be its spelling and grammar tool found on the review ribbon.An integrated Speech to text at bottom Word could add to its HCI. This oddball of feature could make Swagger Distributions document creation seamlessly faster by adding speech dictation.DatabasesThe attire Manufacturers Table houses the manufacturers name, street address, city, demesne and zip. The Clothing Products table holds the clothing item, color, manufacturers name, sweeping price and sell price The Retail Stares table stores the information for store name, street address, and city, state, zip and clothing item. The Clothing Products table bears currency fields while the Clothing Manufacturers and Rectal Store table has number fields,When opening the Clothing Products table, I could see both the wholesale and retail prices were incorrectly formatted. When changing the retail price from text to currency the prices became correctly formatted. Custom formatting only changed how the info is dis played and does not affect how the data is stored in a Microsoft Access database, or how users can enter or edit data (Microsoft Blog, n.d.).The query bring ons a list of clothing items in retail stores. It shows the retail store name and state and the clothing item, manufacturer name and retail price. The report is sorted alphabetically by retail store name. there is no secondary sort, because of this, the list of clothing items in each retail store will come out in a random, unpredictable and contradictory order (Microsoft Blog, n.d.). The Retail Stores table affaires to the Clothing Products table establish on the clothing item. The Clothing Products table links to the Clothing Manufacturers table based on the Manufacturer Name.VisioThere are many kinds of Visio diagrams, including flow charts, neting diagrams, and home or office plans. However, you use the same three basic steps to create most of themOpening a template.Dragging and connect shapes.Adding text to shapes.The Connector Tool in Visio 2013 found in the tools section of the Home Ribbon is used to Auto Connect shapes and stencils.On the enroll ribbon of Visio you can insert objects such as pictures on to the canvas. You can begin this process by clicking insert on the Insert ribbon and clicking the option youd like in the illustrations section..Within the Visio Design Ribbon a user can select their page layout between Portrait and Landscape, whichever works best for that users display. To select an orientation, click on the Orientation option in the Page Setup section of the Design Ribbon.Users can render their stencils and diagrams by clicking the save option on the Title Bar.A user can consult the Help option on the Visio Title Bar to count the database for help using the application.Visio Help DatabaseNetworkingComputer Rooms typically provided by libraries to the public, academic institutions to retain approach to the Computers (Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson, 2015, p. 315). Swaggered Dist ributions consists of three segments towards network offices, computer mode, and warehouse. The wide sector network fits into the computer room personal network with the means of the T1 demarcation router. The demarcation router vanquishes over toward the public wide area network where swagger distributions private network resides. The system has a main router whose main is to apply Dynamic Host Control Protocol and routes IP addresses to all connected devices in the network segment. The DHCP server then allocates IP address to the firewall. The firewall based on the tribute policies allows certain packets of information in and out of the network. Within the computer room, there is a server which acts as a dedicated place for storing files applications where other network based computers which are permitted to log into and retrieve specific information. There is also an Ethernet switch whose main duty is to direct packets of information towards the correct connected device in the network and allocate the priority for each data packet send and received throughout the network. The Ethernet switch acts as the type of hub that extends the network in the direction of the warehouse where it connects by using fiber optic cable to link the two network segments. The fiber optic cable transmits data. The computer room then has another panel that functions as a hub to the segment of the computer room along with the office PCs. The warehouse and the office consist of one remote Ethernet switch. The office, where the PC are connected via category 5 twisted-pair networking cabling runs through the wall into a face plate and directly to the PC allowing that PC to connect to the central servers.Diagram for WLANProgrammingimport java.util.*import java.lang.*import java.io.*/* Name of the fork has to be Main only if the class is public. */public class HelloWorldpublic static void main (String args) throws java.lang.Exceptionint dayint monthint yearGregorianCalendar date = clean GregorianCalendar()day = date.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)month = date.get(Calendar.MONTH)year = date.get(Calendar.YEAR)System.out.println(Welcome to Swagger Distribution)System.out.println(Welcome, Todays date is +(month+1)+/+day+/+year)Code Compiled SuccessfullyThe main changes to the original code deal been bolded and can be summarized as follows. SYSTEM.OUT.PRINTL is a built in class in the Java language in which Downing (1999), states the OUT aspect functions to print various data values specified While the PRINTLN() aspect prints data values within a a public method (p.144). The SEMICOLONis a Java compiler bearing that communicates within the compiler a statement is complete. The Calendar Code is a built in Java class returns a general object of its type whose calendar fields have been initialized with the current date and time (Downing Downing, 1999, p. 217).Web TechnologiesAccording to W3CS standards a website built solely with HTML 5 may have cross compatibility i ssues across multiple web browsers. HTML5s is not always supported on all browsers, so it is one of the major drawbacks of HTML5. (Dahl, 2017)Core Web Functionalities sailing The ease of access and functionality of a user navigational experience improves the initial website assessment of said user which if positive will cause the user to render a repeat customer.Search A search function could prove to be beneficial to a user in the case of Big Data. The website has too large data set volumes for traditional data processing applications to handle.Readability All part of ease of access readability is just as pivotal. A user should have a seamless time reading the content presented in all aspects.Site Map A secondary to navigation provided to the user when said user has trouble finding specific information.Accessibility Following the W3 standards it is important to have accessibility features so that the disabled users can also access and utilize a website successfully with features s uch as page magnifying, text to speech and on board keyboard.Plug-in Plug-ins such as social media accounts and other dealing building tools add functionality to a webpage.Subscribe Subscribing to the companys mailing list to receive the latest on the company happenings and offers to persuade user purchasing of participation.Validation Ensuring that all vital information required for successful submission on a form is presentConditions and Privacy It is imperative to cover the legal aspects of using a Companys services and how they may us your entered data.Speed The speed in which a website loads relies on whether its content and media is optimized appropriately.Amazon, one of the largest online retail stores utilizing the Search Box function. equal retailer, Amazon utilizing structured navigation with the added user ability of headings and sub-headings.Information securityVacca (2014) defines Information as data that we can organize and process and store immanent or centrally. A ny company large or small, data is the most valuable asset and must be securely protected. In terms of the Customers, a data breach could result in the loss of financial information in the form of credit card information and other crucial details. Consumers may lose faith and credibility in the Company for data lose which in turn could cause the total demise of the Company.It is imperative Swagger Distributions has a well conceived plan of storm and also a preventive plan as well. This past year, half of organizations suffered multiple levels of security incidents. It is recommended that a centralized security team be hired. This team will be responsible for coordinating and executing the security plans.In keeping with a Central Security aggroup concept there should be a dedicated Security Monitoring team keeping real time track of Applications that has access to Swagger Distributions Data. Statically, hackers attack through the least secure Applications (Vacca, 2014, p. 3) making it easier to corrupt and steal sensitive information. This Monitoring team will report directly to the head of the Central Security Team.One of the largest data break-ins in history (Consumers International, 2015, p. 417) Sony Play Station Network was hacked April 2011. Consumers International (2015) inform the attack is speculated to be an external intrusion that caused the reveal of reported 77 million user accounts information. This information included names, birthdays, email addresses, passwords, security questions, and credit card credentials, of all Play Station Network users. The hack was reportedly caused by an unknown weakness (Consumers International, 2015, p. 418). In Sonys Network causing Sony to temporarily shut down their Network to investigate.ReferencesConsumers International (2015). Consumers in the Information Society Access, lividness and Representation. Consumers International.Dahl, D. (2017). Multimodal Interaction with W3C Standards. Springer.Downing, D. A. , Downing, D. (1999). Computer programming in java, the easy way. New York, NY, United States Barrons Educational Series Inc.,U.S.Microsoft (2017a). Microsoft A Beginners transport to Visio. . Retrieved from https//support.office.com/en-us/article/A-beginner-s-guide-to-Visio-bc1605de-d9f3-4c3a-970c-19876386047cMicrosoft. (2017b). Support. Retrieved from Microsoft Blog, https//support.office.com/en-us/article/Specify-how-data-displays-by-using-custom-formatting-a5e5bcde-85da-4c7a-8164-1fe286636668?ui=en-USrs=en-USad=USTomsho, G., Tittel, E., Johnson, D. (2015). Guide to networking essentials (7th ed.). United States Thomson/Course Technology.Vacca, J. R. (2014). Computer and information security handbook (2nd ed.). Amsterdam Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier.

Advancement in Technology: How it has Lead to a Decrease in Writing Sk

Advancement in Technology How it has Lead to a Decrease in Writing Skills Its the 21st century, and technology is rapidly moving more into peoples everyday lives, especially as the interest in calculators grow. The advancement with computers alone has increased drastically, faster than approximately would have ever imagined. For the most part, this advancement in computer technology has skyrocketed businesses and eased our lives as a whole in society. However, technology doesnt continuously have a positive influence on our lives. In fact, it has the potential to harm a major ara of our communication skills if not used carefully. It has been shown that technology is one of the factors as to why writing skills have decreased in the past years. With our nations writing skills in a slump, its all important(predicate) to note the reasons as to why this trend has started and put an end to it as soon as possible. Computers should be used as a language-learning tool in the classroom, just as any other piece of equipment like a tape recorder or VCR. No one can argue that the computer is one of the most influential tools developed in education. However, in school especially, it seems as if the use of computers has become the center of attention in class lessons, which is where the task comes in. If for instance, there is a situation when activities at the computer could become the center of attention, teachers should be using more discretion in this area than they currently are today. Relying on computers for every aspect of a lesson will greatly have an effect on a students writing capabilities, and it isnt a positive one. When students are interacting with a computer, they are also using motor skills as well. These motor sk... ... 3e/students/rcd/rcd_ch05.html Haney, W. & Russell, M. (1997). Testing writing on computers. Education Policy abstract Archives, 5(3), Retrieved October 17, 2004, from Peer-Reviewed Scholarly Electronic Jou rnal database.Jones, Rebecca (Oct1995). Education Digest. Writing Wrongs, Volume 61, page 63.Poor Writing Blamed on Little Practice, Poor Instruction (July 10,2003). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http//abclocal.go.com/wabc/ intelligence information/wabc_ourschools_071003writing.html Toner, Erin (1997). Graduates lack computer, writing skills. Resources from state news staff. Retrieved October 17, 2004 from http//www.statenews.com/editionsfall97/082997/p1_study.htmlUsing Technology to Enhance the Writing Processes of Students with Learning Disabilities (1996, July). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http//www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/technology/tech_writing.html